In an attempt to move past the abuse, the abuser often uses kindness, gifts, and loving gestures to usher in a honeymoon stage. The First Phase: Tension Building The cycle begins with tension building, creating fear in the victim. You might feel certain that whatever upset them and triggered the abuse has passed. Washington State Department of Health and Social Services. Your partner uses sarcasm to disguise insults. Accessibility verified October 12, 2020. Many survivors of domestic abuse and violence will say that the first time they saw the Power and Control Wheel, what they were going through suddenly made sense. 8 0 obj <> Stress, lack of support, and growing up in an abusive home, "All of the shame that my abuser should have carried, I was carrying. These tactics are worse when there is the threat or use of physical and sexual violence, the outer ring of the wheel. People with narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) have a need for admiration and a lack of empathy. Type compound stands wheel racks; Type compound stands wheel racks; Defining cycle of abuse. Maybe it really was nothing, like they said. 7Mtrp-!8mgp9? In particular, shes committed to helping decrease stigma around mental health issues. Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Abuse can take many forms. They may also be overly alert or walk on eggshells around their partner in the hopes that they don't do anything to "set their partner off.". Displaying top 8 worksheets found for - Cycle Of Violence Wheel. Better serve your clients with our tools and resources. Children, family members, partners, and cohabitants can all be victims of domestic violence. Constantly surrounded by threats and/or actual physical and sexual abuse, the victim is subjected to the various tactics listed in the spokes as the abuser attempts to Verbal abuse isnt as straightforward as other forms of abuse but that doesnt mean it doesnt exist. The best way to recover from the cycle of abuse is to know the warning signs. _sQ^;>>gm[~7 [z7DUHJV{(K_Y^"c e1oXBAd 3 0 obj The person who is the target of abuse tends to try and find ways to ease the tension to prevent an abusive episode from occurring. Identifying abuse in others can be done by paying attention to their physical and emotional state. We'll never spam you or sell your information. You are notalone. A more comprehensive understanding of the factors driving abuse in any type of relationship will go a long way toward helping other survivors open up about abuse and get support. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. H3LFgEn`WBCz)UE:K1#+)c QJ,rk;KSbq{LqnZT_0 %*>5idi[7~iXj,Sg)3(j.tWMS0aqkP]Oo4WPH+tQ[eAM&_Dal=-xzg&g {p.8,.V1-Xc&Jsr MKX280^ 'W[.b,V`= Eventually, the built up tension has to be released by the abuser to help them feel as though they have power and control again. Its important to remember that it is not your fault. The final stage is a period of calm where things seemingly go back to normal. Sometimes, this is referred to as the honeymoon stage. But this doesnt last forever, and soon the cycle starts over again with tensions building up before another incident. Closed circuit tv yes yes; <>>> Though it effectively illustrates the power dynamics and imbalances characterizing relationships where men abuse women, it doesnt address the various dynamics present in other scenarios. Explosive Phase. Cycle of Abuse Research suggests that child abuse is known to repeat itself from generation to generation. National Domestic Violence Hotline Youre traumatized, shocked so, it could bemore like rape.. Nonphysical abuse tactics, which may happen through all stages of the cycle, can still cause a great deal of harm. ", Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. It is being used by many people to demonstrate the working mechanism of domestic violence. However, in most cases, the abuser will show remorse and promise that the abuse wont happen again by being more loving and understanding of your needs. Some of the worksheets displayed are The cycle of abuse, Relationship violence no way, El ciclo de abuso, Client workbook, Handout, The deviant cycle, Intimate partner abuse and relationship violence, Asi mv work handouts. S)0]ubA(h You don't have to give us your name. Learn more about DomesticShelters.org and our mission to help victims and survivors of abuse and how we support domestic violence professionals. This essential reminder can make a big difference, both for advocates learning to identify key signs and survivors working toward recovery. Very rarely does a victim of family violence suffer only one form of abuse. Developed by the Domestic Abuse Intervention Project in Duluth, Minnesota, the Power and Control Wheel illustrates the tactics an abuser uses on their victim. They may also be less likely to be believed or be less likely to believe they themselves are being abused due to the lack of education about the topic. However, there's another wheel too, which is, the Equality Wheel. This tension might come from stress related to everyday events like work, family conflict or financial problems. Cycle of Violence. Abusive partners often lash out in response to external stressors. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coercion is a tactic used to take your power away to convince you to act in a way that best suits the abuser. . They take credit for your accomplishments. Sage. In many cases, the person who committed the abuse will try to make things right by offering gifts and being overly kind and loving. For example, an abusive partner might say theyre sorry but blame the abuse on outside factors such as their boss or work life to justify what they did. These behaviours are the spokes of the wheel. Tension Building Phase. For the most part, I am highly aware of . Walker created the Cycle after interviewing 1,500 women who had been abused by their husbands and, while a revolutionary concept at the time, didnt take into account the nuances of dating relationships or same-sex relationships. The cycle of abuse is a four-stage cycle used to describe the way abuse sometimes occurs in relationships. endobj The term cycle of violence refers to repeated and dangerous acts of violence as a cyclical pattern, associated with high emotions and doctrines of retribution or revenge. But for those who have been abused, it is important to recognize the cycle of abuse does not end with the abuser but can easily continue inside the abused. I asked myself. The abuser may also deny that the abuse occurred or that it was as bad as it was. $)39QOa;-h3L6^Sc)Cc]Aj?cjw>&YI7URT.Os$^^PI?Tqnq&u}&]52eUC9R)nk(m tp{jN They wanted an example to be able to look for in their lives, Melissa Scaia, former executive director of DAIP,told DomesticShelters.org. Read on to learn more about the elements of the cycle, why it might not be as helpful as experts once thought, and other ways of thinking about patterns of abuse. (2020). Learn more about how to join DomesticShelters.org in helping those experiencing abuse. But the Power and Control Wheel creators also wanted to emphasize the range of behaviors used by manipulative and abusive partners. Of the council of europe identifies nine forms of violence against women based on subject and context rather than life cycle or time period: This cycle refers to a pattern of abuse that exists in a violent relationship. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. endstream endobj 56 0 obj <>stream #Takeastand against domestic violence. They can include: In some cases, people who are experiencing abuse, specifically emotional, arent aware that its happening. Stages. <> Update of the "battered woman syndrome" critique. |wR!ojXN~0;UZ 4 The cycle of abuse, also sometimes called the cycle of violence, helps illustrate common patterns of abusive behavior in relationships. They might show plenty of remorse, assure you it wont happen again, and seem more attuned to your needs than usual. If you recognize yourself in this Cycle, get help from someone you trust. Not all abusive partners will engage in all forms of abusive behavior, but each category counts as a type and form of abuse. Narcissistic abuse is a type of emotional abuse carried out by a person who is a narcissist. endobj The four stages of the cycle of abuse are: During the tension stage, external stressors may begin to build within the abuser. Closed circuit tv yes yes; 1 0 obj Accessibility verified September 18, 2020. The abuser may continue to ask for forgiveness, or . victim's emotional response to abuse; "love-bombs"/grooms control; uses victim's emotional response to abuse/ betrayal to "prove" to others that they are "crazy/"unwell" and to justify the abuse, betrayal, and discard; solicits sympathy from others for "having to endure such a crazy k B9=zI8 !9Ze4Jx4vU@e*t~tES N{=aFT_&Ow8 n)C]#+Pu'tg=\>[%. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2019:1-5. Claim and manage your organization's information. Type your question below to find answers. Seeking signs of abuse only in people of a specific gender, community, or background can limit awareness of other abusive situations. Yet these four stages arent set in stone, so using them to make predictions about abuse isnt always helpful. How to Recognize the Signs of Narcissistic Abuse, Is Silent Treatment a Form of Abuse? The Cycle of Abuse was actually the first go of visual aids to describe domestic violence experiences, introduced in 1979 by Lenore E. Walker, a psychologist and renowned leader in the domestic violence field and author ofThe Battered Woman, published that same year. The four-stage cycle starts with a tension-building phase where the victim becomes fearful and feels the need to placate the abuser. In stage 2, there is an incident, which can include physical,emotionalorverbal abuse. Here's what to look for and how to get help. Cycle storage availability yes yes; Cycle storage availability yes yes; Looking for someone to speak with? Presenters will also talk about how it intersects with those affected by domestic violence, particularly children. [4] Howard LM, Trevillion K, Agnew-Davies R. Domestic violence and mental health. The most common warning signs of abuse are controlling behavior, isolating partners away from their friends or family, and being cruel to animals or children. To maintain peace and harmony, both parties generally have to come up with some sort of explanation or justification for the abuse. Welcome to DomesticShelters.org, a trusted Bright Sky US partner. Some of the worksheets for this concept are A wheel domestic violence, The cycle of violence, Handout, The cycle of abuse, Relationship violence no way, Domestic violence awareness guide, Power control wheel, Handout 1 dating violence pre test. [2,4] Women may also experience gynecological problems such as pelvic inflammatory disease, pelvic pain, sexually-transmitted disease, vaginal bleeding, pain with menstruation, and bladder infections. The potential victim may try to calm their partner down. Fisher BS, et al. Therefore, in this stage, victims often try to change their behaviour to prevent . Rakovec-Felser Z. BP( Abuse often begins slowly and subtly, without physical violence. Period. Why do victims stay? Even when you dont fully believe them, you may worry attempting to leave could provoke more serious abuse. Unfortunately, the most dangerous time in an abusive relationship is when the victim tries to leave. If one of the wheels resonates with you or whats going on in your relationship, it may be helpful to talk to a trained domestic violence advocate at a hotline (find one here near you) who can help you better understand abuse, formulate a safety plan and assess what level of danger you may be in. The cycle of abuse suggests that there are four phases of abusive behavior. . [3] Domestic Abuse Intervention Programs. They continue to grow angrier because they feel a loss of control. endobj They are dismissive of your feelings or other important things. The cycle of abuse is split up into four stages to help people understand the common patterns of abuse that occur in relationships and why it can be so difficult for the person experiencing the abuse to leave their situation. The Cycle of Abuse was actually the first go of visual aids to describe domestic violence experiences, introduced in 1979 by Lenore E. Walker, a psychologist and renowned leader in the domestic violence field and author of The Battered Woman, published that same year. After someone beats you up, they can [be intimate] with you, but youre not in a position to say no. Encourage your client to discuss their own experiences, and how they relate to or differ from this model. The definition of abuse has changed and expanded over the years to include any tactics used to control or maintain power over others, such as: The four-part cycle acknowledges that abuse can involve verbal or emotional harm, but it still focuses primarily on physical violence. View a statewide directory of shelters, community-based advocacy, and legal assistance programs. This rim closes the wheel, in a manner of speaking; abusers often use physical aggression to reinforce the pattern of intimidation playing out on a more everyday basis. However, regular use of other abusive behaviors by the batterer, when reinforced by one or more acts of physical violence, make up a larger system of abuse. Welcome, this is your discreet connection tohelp. Title: Equality wheel NO SHADING - NCDSV.indd Author: Christina Walsh Created Date: !o;qoQmq |~/{zaf~L.aS] After that, you can seek help from a professional counselor or friends and family. [Updated 2020 Jun 26]. This devoted behavior can trigger the release of dopamine and oxytocin, helping you feel even more closely bonded and leading you to believe you have your real relationship back. They gave you a mean or derogatory nickname and passed it off as endearing. endstream endobj 55 0 obj <>stream Heres What to Know, 'Gaslighting' Is the Word of the Year. Inside the Power and Control wheel are eight tactics that abusers will often pair with physical or sexual violence (or the threat of violence) in order to maintain domination. The Cycle of Domestic Violence In 1979, psychologist Lenore Walker found that many violent relationships follow a common pattern or cycle. Patterns of tactics are depicted in each spoke of the wheel and the rim, representing physical and sexual abuse, is what gives it strength and holds it together. These are as follows: Using Intimidation Using Emotional Abuse Using Isolation Minimizing, Denying and Blaming Using Children Using Male Privilege Using Economic Abuse 1-800-799-SAFE (7233) While acknowledging the uses of Walkers four-part cycle, experts have simultaneously raised concerns around a few key ways it falls short. No matter what you did or didnt do, abuse is never your fault. You might also doubt you have the resources or ability to support yourself, an idea abusers often reinforce. When an abusive partner feels tense because of outside factors, their frustration builds over time. Cycle of abuse wheel printable - Of the council of europe identifies nine forms of violence against women based on subject and context rather than life cycle or time period: Type compound stands wheel racks; Cycle storage availability yes yes; 'violence within the family or domestic violence' 'rape and sexual. Coping. This wheel was designed with women in mind, but, we at SDV know all too well that a large proportion of suffers of abuse are men. The four-part cycle of abuse offers one method of understanding certain types of relationship abuse. Domestic violence may seem unpredictable, simply an outburst related just to the moment and to the circumstances in the lives of the people involved. First, stress rises. The Hotline operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The Environment: Calm and peaceful, welcoming, loving and often soothing. 14 0 obj Brenda Hill, native co-director of theSouth Dakota Coalition Ending Domestic & Sexual Violence,told DomesticShelters.orgthat since she began her career as an advocate in 1988, few cases of domestic violence shes seen have followed this cyclical pattern. Your partner patronizes you by saying things such as, aww, you tried, but youre just not capable of this.. Intimidation is an abuse tactic designed to make you fear your partner. The concept of abuse cycles began in the 1970s when psychologist Lenore Walker wrote The Battered Woman. The book itself detailed women who had experienced abuse and how it continued to occur. Cycle storage availability yes yes; Type compound stands wheel racks; Within station, within car park, and next to the ticket office. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/women/lcod/2017/all-races-origins/index.htm. In about 30-60% of families where intimate partner violence takes place, child abuse also takes place.[2]. Because of their convincing nature, you may believe that the incident wasnt as bad as you thought it was, which helps to further relieve the tension surrounding the incident. Some common examples of emotional abuse include: Physical violence occurs when your partner physically injures you in some way. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE HANDBOOK (SPANISH) View Fullscreen. On the outside of the wheel appear physical expressions of abuse: bodily harm or sexual assault. Coercive control is a type of abuse that involves patterns of oppression. Abuse can come in many forms in a relationship. Here are a few more wheels that organizations have created to help survivors understand abuse: For a list of some 40 more power and control wheels and visual aids, including those translated into various languages from French to Korean, seethis listfrom the National Center on Domestic and Sexual Violence. All calls are confidential and anonymous, and interpreter services are available for more than 170 languages. A child who is abused or raised without proper care, connection and affection has higher risks for: Drug and alcohol use Severe obesity The Cycle of Violence 3. Your partner makes subtle but rude comments about the way you look. Health Psychol Res. <> The cycle of abuse is defined by the ways in which an abusive partner keeps a target in a relationship, spanning subtle behaviors as well as physical, visible violence. A cycle of abuse is a four-part pattern that helps identify a pattern of abuse in relationships. Seeking help can ensure that you identify the cycle and make the necessary steps to break it. (2009). A health care provider typically will treat injuries and can refer you to safe housing and other local resources. :}2OLw'Hlk};?~RbK;rNp0FW3s; A short time after creating the Power and Control Wheel, DIAP determined it would also beuseful to have a wheel that illustrated the facets of what a healthy and safe relationship looked like. However, there are some subtle signs that can indicate abuse is occurring that you may not have noticed unless you were aware of them. 1ptPt5?oX+p&{~Sz2!1}JacOZ76LHGY 5qAgl*w!\*ji~6mlUp8l*f:[ked0B{"h&Yq 5IGEY~#eu8*70KnwO# (2010). 2006;33(1):199-209. The Building of Tension Usually, abusers harm their victims because they are in a stressful situation. Cycle of abuse wheel printable - 'violence within the family or domestic violence' 'rape and sexual. 1-800-787-3224 TTY. What is this cycle of abuse? But that's much easier said than done. Removing the gendered pronouns from the wheel may help acknowledge that people of any gender, in any type of relationship, can experience abuse. The abusive incident usually occurs when the tension finally breaks. This is the point at which the person is using the substance on a recurring, improper basis; more simply, the World Health Organization simply defines substance abuse as using a substance in a way that is harmful. This stage includes passive-aggressive behaviour on the part of the abuser, poor communication and escalating tension between two people. Walkers research focused on women who had experienced abuse from male partners. Consider, for example, the tendency of abusers to brush off or deny abuse. Anything can fuel tension: family issues, trouble at work, physical illness, fatigue. 11 0 obj 104 0 obj <>stream https://www.domesticshelters.org/articles/identifying-abuse/what-are-the-power-and-control-wheels. Abuse ususally follows the same patterns, no matter what abuse is occurring. These numbers may be higher; domestic violence remains an underreported issue, and many victims do not seek help. And if youve experienced abuse, you might find that it doesnt feel totally accurate. She has been educated in both psychology and journalism, and her dual education has given her the research and writing skills needed to deliver sound and engaging content in the health space. The abuser may hit, rape or attempt to rape the victim. Each works in tandem with the other in order to keep someone . Copyright Notice: Therapist Aid LLC is the owner of the copyright for this website and all original materials/works that are included. Relationship Abuse typically follows a distinct pattern, known as the Cycle of Abuse, which comprises thee phases: Honeymoon Phase. An adverse childhood experience (ACE) describes the abuse, trauma or neglect that creates toxic stress in a child's brain, which has been linked with physical illness and mental health conditions as an adult. Next, the abuse happens. Usually, this part of the cycle is when the abuser physically lashes out at the victim. All NCHR articles are reviewed and approved by Dr. Diana Zuckerman and other senior staff. endstream endobj 52 0 obj <>stream Your partner apologizes, you lower your guard, and over time, the violence rears its ugly head once again. Many will promise to change, promise to stop the abuse, or promise that it will never happen again. S/'tS&|sKp`+N(l;! endobj Your support gives hope and help to victims of domestic violence every day. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21047164/. Abuse is rarely constant but alternates between: tension building, acting out, the honeymoon period and calm. If you dont believe you can experience abuse due to your gender or the type of relationship you have, you might not notice or even look for the signs. }S~I>qG#.afm50;6f^ X!h"\JIJ~yK.7 After that, Walker theorized that there was often a reconciliation stage where the abuser would try to give excuses for their abusive choices or blame the victim, sometimes downplaying or outright denying the abuse occurred (otherwise known asgaslighting). endobj If a victim is undocumented, they may be afraid of seeking help or fear their abuser will use their citizenship status against them. While the model of the cycle of abuse has its merit, it isnt the same for everyone. For decades, many experts relied on the cycle set forth in the 1970s by psychologist Lenore Walker in her book The Battered Woman. It was based on anecdotal evidence from interviews with heterosexual women who had experienced abuse. Some signs that indicate someone is being abused include: Wilson JK. dZj$DqF` +cwx/h&>5 0AcgVt,9k_f.LN)ai"a?gVq/riaW_/Z6`nK6[4iDsUtN8Dewvc>:F6*. The wheel shows the common themes and experiences of victims who have lived in an abusive relationship. And this specific behavior can make it harder to leave the relationship. 1. If you have any questions about how we protect your data, check out our Privacy Policy and Terms of Use. You cant believe theyd do anything like that again. Detailed experiences of survivors informed the development of this wheel, just as Walker used accounts from battered women to create her four-part cycle. *i(iz0(P/G X\;-^hgnY_%LplSo.UvacssKijCeO{%lF=:#=j[j`$`d}|PW):f88G#57 12 0 obj As time goes on, the calm period may become very short or even disappear from the cycle entirely. Call the hotline for crisis intervention and referrals to resources, such as women's shelters. Calm : The relationship enters a period of calm where the abuse stops or slows. What Are the Short- and Long-Term Effects of Emotional Abuse? This version of the Power and Control wheel, adapted with permission from the Domestic Abuse Intervention Project in Duluth, Minnesota, focuses on some of the many ways battered immigrant women can be abused. This is the original Duluth Model, developed in early 80's by Ellen Pence and Michael Paymar . Last medically reviewed on November 29, 2020, If youve been emotionally abused, know that its not your fault and that your feelings are valid. The second stage, the incident negates the reality that theres all kinds of violence, not just physical, which are continuous. Crystal Raypole has previously worked as a writer and editor for GoodTherapy. DAIPexplainedthat they choose to be gender-specific with the wheel because men have been shown to commit the vast majority of domestic violence assaults. Phase 1: Tension Building The abusive partner becomes increasingly irritable and angry and may engage in "minor" abusive behavior (slapping, verbal, and/or psychological . ac"jD&@&9 84GLYqur7Mpm0g c Tension Building: This is when the abuser starts to get angry. Seeking out professional help can assist you in identifying and breaking the cycle. The cycle continues because there is a power imbalance in a relationship, meaning that one person has a hold on the other. The National Center for Health Research is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research, education and advocacy organization that analyzes and explains the latest medical research and speaks out on policies and programs. Male violence toward female partners does make up a significant component of intimate partner violence. In some cases, the abuser may throw some accusations towards the person that was abused to try to convince them that it was their fault. Commits physical or sexual acts of violence against their partner, Manipulating their partner emotionally, which can take on the form of targeting their insecurities or lying and denying any wrongdoing. So, for instance, instead of emotional abuse, youll see respect.. Defining Domestic Violence Domestic Violence: Is a pattern of abusive behavior that occurs between family members and/or intimate partners to gain power and control Can take the form of physical, sexual, psychological, or economic abuse Last updated February 2013 The Power and Control Wheel, developed by the Domestic Abuse Intervention Project of Duluth, Minnesota, describes the many types of abuse suffered by victims of family violence. [5] National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Cycle storage availability yes yes; Call the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 800-799-7233, or visit their website for free, confidential support. Note available from europcar office on platform 1. This phase can last for a few hours or for months, or anything in between. 1. a wheel Domestic Violence 2. Closed circuit tv yes yes; The Violence Against Native Women: Batteringis more of a triangle illustration that outlines components of cultural and ritual abuse, as well as the other tactics abusers use with non-native victims. 2014;22;2(3):1821. doi:10.4081/hpr.2014.1821. BP( Making the Power and Control Wheel gender-neutral would hide the power imbalances in relationships between men and women that reflect power imbalances in society. That being said, overcoming the cycle can be done. The Equality Wheel includes characteristics of a safe relationship, such as trust and support, honesty, shared responsibility and respect. <> The first step in breaking the cycle is acknowledging that there is one. What is Domestic Violence? The Stages of Narcissistic Abuse Cycle The cycle of abuse from a narcissist generally involves four stages: Your narcissist partner feels threatened He or she abuses you Your narcissist partner becomes a victim He or she feels empowered Your Narcissistic Partner Feels Threatened It is important for child welfare practitioners and others who work with children, youth, and families to understand this issue. Tension builds just before an abusive incident occurs. She used their stories to develop the cycle, introducing the terms battered woman and battered woman syndrome as ways of talking about domestic violence and abuse. We avoid using tertiary references. 'violence within the family or domestic violence' 'rape and sexual. Body language can typically give this away, such as rolling their eyes at you or shaking their head. The longer it lasts, the more inevitable a blow-up can start to feel, and the victim cant be sure what will be the last straw. Available from: https://www.theduluthmodel.org/wheels/. By Angelica Bottaro The length of time between each repetition can vary. ]]j?_I7VFVF24 ue)r|@Fm:TJH+Q3mqN,w_~7TO6Foo+mbl:V4(`ozByv!==9: YA RS|LUNiTiG+rY &@jJB0lmQQGfZq zBV-Eb#^g: ,zHQF+qaO[@=X+I- ?X~?*9Bs$x4:ma/hV|19I]#o#L^`Bvq6}'Iq'"Mhy3"E1s/H H)r:2-v'/Qm"oF^Rd&+yc.SFLdmJ6x8gZDn4E#?qx=?&{CEbm\>]A%=EW}j%~7i%J\>q Yeah, it is also known as the Violence Wheel. ISOLATES THE OTHER PARTNER Power and control wheel. This printout depicts the common pattern followed by many abusive relationships, beginning with building tension, an abusive incident, the honeymoon phase, and then a calm. It also helps provide clues toward a deeper understanding of why people experiencing abuse often find it difficult to break free. Here at the Canadian Center for Women's Empowerment we use the Economic Abuse Power Control Wheel. One of These Wheels Feels Familiar to Me Now What? 47 0 obj <> endobj Without further ado, let's get into it. The abuser eventually releases this tension on others, attempting to regain power by establishing control.